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| Optimization of Fast Charging Strategy for Lithium-Ion Batteries without Deposition Based on Electrode Equivalent Circuit Model |
| Zhao Yingjie1,2, Zhang Chuang1, Liu Suzhen1,2, Chen Zhanqun3, Xu Zhicheng1,2 |
1. State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300401 China;
2. Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300401 China;
3. Baoding UNT Electric Co. Ltd Baoding 071051 China |
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Abstract Fast charging is crucial for the application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. However, traditional fast charging algorithms are prone to causing the anode potential to reach the lithium plating potential threshold (0V vs. Li/Li+). As a result, lithium ions on the anode material surface have a direct reduction reaction, leading to lithium plating, accelerating battery aging, and even causing charging safety incidents. It is necessary to study lithium-plating-free fast charging for lithium-ion batteries. This paper, based on the lithium-ion battery electrode equivalent circuit model, proposes a dual-loop lithium plating-free fast charging strategy control scheme composed of an anode potential closed-loop observer and a charging current closed-loop controller, thereby achieving safe and lithium plating-free fast charging for lithium-ion batteries.
Firstly, a dual-electrode equivalent circuit model for lithium-ion batteries is established. Model parameters under various charge states are identified offline through three-electrode experiments on lithium-ion batteries. Secondly, an anode potential closed-loop observer based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is designed to observe the real-time anode potential, an internal state of the lithium-ion battery. Additionally, a charging current closed-loop controller based on feed forward compensation is designed, enabling online control of the charging current of the lithium-ion battery. The combined observation-control logic of the anode potential closed-loop observer and the charging current closed-loop controller is also explained. Finally, the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed lithium plating-free fast charging strategy control scheme for lithium-ion batteries are demonstrated through simulation and experimentation.
Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that, for the anode potential closed-loop observer, under different operating conditions, the average observed error of the anode potential is less than 5 mV, with a maximum error of no more than 10 mV. Moreover, even during abrupt changes in charging current, the observer can rapidly correct the observed results, keeping the error low. As for the charging current closed-loop controller, during the current adjustment process, the adjustment time for the anode potential to reach and stabilize within the set threshold +1 mV range is 26 s, with a steady-state error of less than 0.05 mV, and without overshooting or oscillation. Furthermore, the charging effect of the proposed fast charging strategy is verified under conditions of two different maximum charging currents. The results indicate that, compared to 1C constant current constant voltage charging, the proposed fast charging strategy can save approximately 46% of the charging time. The minimum anode potential during charging is 4.8 mV. For batteries cycled using the proposed fast charging strategy, no lithium plating is found even after disassembling the battery, affirming that this strategy can significantly reduce charging time and effectively suppress lithium plating. It is a lithium-plating-free fast charging control scheme that simultaneously considers high precision and robustness.
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Received: 26 June 2023
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2024, Vol. 39 
