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| Overview on Research Status and Progress of Wireless Power Transfer Technology Based on Metamaterials and Metasurfaces |
| Rong Cancan1, Yan Lihui1, Lu Conghui2, Xia Chenyang1, Liu Minghai3 |
1. Jiangsu Province Laboratory of Mining Electric and Automation China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221110 China;
2. China North Vehicle Research Institute Beijing 100072 China;
3. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China |
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Abstract Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has gained wide recognition in recent years due to its advantages of flexibility, reliability, and convenience. As an epoch-making technology, it can change traditional charging patterns of energy in various applications, such as portable electronic devices, implanted medical devices, Internet of Things, and more. However, as research on WPT technology deepens, several critical issues have emerged, including low power transfer efficiency, limited transmission distance, and electromagnetic safety concerns, which have impeded its practical industrial applications.
Metamaterials and metasurfaces have gained significant attention in the WPT field because of their unique and different electromagnetic properties. These artificial materials, composed of periodic structure units, exhibit extraordinary physical properties not found in natural materials. They can significantly improve the transmission performance of WPT systems through flexible regulation of electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic waves. Therefore, research on WPT technology based on metamaterials and metasurfaces has risen globally. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive top-down overview of the research status and progress in WPT technology based on metamaterials and metasurfaces. Firstly, the basic conception and structural design of metamaterials and metasurfaces in the WPT field are illustrated in detail. For metamaterials and metasurfaces, negative permittivity and permeability values lead to negative refraction and evanescent wave amplification, which improve power transfer efficiency and increase the transfer distance of WPT systems. Besides, metamaterials and metasurfaces are “transcendent” materials from the perspective of “material-structure-system”, and their engineered structure designs directly determine the electromagnetic response of incident electromagnetic waves. Therefore, various unit structures of metamaterials and metasurfaces reported in previous articles are summarized. Secondly, this paper introduces three theories-negative refraction effect theory, magnetic dipole coupling theory, and magnetically induced wave theory-to explain the mechanism for the focusing metamaterials-based WPT systems. Among these, the negative refraction effect theory is most used. In addition, Fresnel transmission and reflection formulas are described to explain the shielding metamaterial-based WPT systems. Thirdly, the role of metamaterials and metasurfaces in improving power transfer efficiency, regulating migration, and providing electromagnetic shielding in WPT systems are elaborated. Unlike previously reported articles, this paper offers a comprehensive discussion of WPT systems based on metamaterials and metasurfaces.
Finally, the perspective and future challenges of metamaterial-based WPT systems are proposed. At present, the studies on this emerging technology for practical industrial applications are still in the primary stage. Problems for metamaterial-based WPT systems, such as large loss, high operating frequency, low transfer power, and weak regulatory ability, remain unsolved. Consequently, future research efforts should be dedicated to tracking these challenges. This paper aims to provide theoretical support and design guidance for the subsequent related research.
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Received: 18 April 2023
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2023, Vol. 38 
