|
|
|
| Comparative Stability Study of Two Feedback Flux-Weakening Control Methods of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine |
| Wang Chao, Zhu Ziqiang, Xu Lei, Wu Ximeng |
| University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK |
|
|
|
Abstract For permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), the speed operation range can hardly be extended due to the increasing back electromotive force and the limited DC link voltage. The flux-weakening method is employed to extend the speed operation range and maximize the torque capability. Based on the conventional current vector control system, the flux-weakening control methods can be achieved in both feedforward and feedback manners. Compared to the feedforward type flux-weakening control method, the feedback type flux-weakening control method is simple and more robust in performance against parameter mismatches. For feedback type flux-weakening control, there are two main control methods, i.e., dq-axis current-based feedback flux-weakening control (DQFFC) and current amplitude and angle-based feedback flux-weakening control (CAAFFC), which are considered to be equivalent to each other. In this paper, the system stabilities of the two methods are comparatively studied by considering maximum torque per voltage (MTPV) control and over-modulation, and the control parameter design for DQFFC and CAAFFC is discussed.
In this paper, based on the current vector control system, the basic principles of the two feedback-type flux-weakening methods are introduced, and the operation modes and regions of the two flux-weakening control methods are defined and illustrated. Secondly, the voltage feedback control loops of DQFFC and CAAFFC are generalized and linearized, and the corresponding transfer functions are derived. Thirdly, based on the derived transfer function, the stability characteristics of the two flux-weakening control methods are analyzed by applying the Routh stability criterion. In the analysis, the stabilities of the two flux-weakening control methods at different operation regions are compared and illustrated from the perspective of d- and q-axis current regulations. Based on the stability analysis, control parameters for DQFFC and CAAFFC are designed, respectively. The analysis indicates that DQFFC and CAAFFC show different regional stability characteristics. Moreover, it is found that the instabilities can be caused by not only the control parameters of flux-weakening control methods but also the flux-weakening control methods inherently.
From both the theoretical analysis and experiment results, it can be confirmed that the instability characteristics can be different between these two flux-weakening control methods in two different operation regions. Firstly, when the current approaches the MTPV curve, the DQFFC method has a weak voltage regulation capability since only the d-axis current can be regulated. The current can be prevented from moving inside the voltage limit circle, causing oscillation in over-modulation. On the other hand, the CAAFFC method mainly regulates the q-axis current in this region, allowing the current to move within the voltage limit circle. Thus, the oscillation can be alleviated. Secondly, when the machine operates under a light load condition, the CAAFFC method mainly regulates the q-axis current, and the current cannot move inside the voltage limit circle, which causes an unstable transition between motoring and generating modes. On the other hand, DQFFC with d-axis current regulation has no issues since the current can move within the voltage limit circle. Thus, a smooth and stable transition can be achieved.
|
|
Received: 21 July 2022
|
|
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
Zhu Z Q male, born in 1962, Fellow REng, Fellow IEEE, Fellow IET, PhD, Professor at the University of Sheffield, UK. Major research interests include design, control, and applications of brushless permanent magnet machines and drives for applications ranging from automotive through domestic appliances to renewable energy.E-mail: z.q.zhu@Sheffield.ac.uk
|
| About author:: Wang Chao male, born in 1986, Advanced Research Engineer, Midea Welling Motor Technology Company, Ltd., Shanghai, China. Major research interests include the control of electric drives.E-mail: wangchao15@welling.com.cn |
|
|
|
[1] Zhu Z Q, Howe D.Electrical machines and drives for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2007, 95(4): 746-765.
[2] Chau K T, Chan C C, Liu Chunhua.Overview of permanent-magnet brushless drives for electric and hybrid electric vehicles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2008, 55(6): 2246-2257.
[3] Villani M, Tursini M, Fabri G, et al.High reliability permanent magnet brushless motor drive for aircraft application[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Elec- tronics, 2012, 59(5): 2073-2081.
[4] Giulii Capponi F, De Donato G, Del Ferraro L, et al.AC brushless drive with low-resolution Hall-effect sensors for surface-mounted PM Machines[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2006, 42(2): 526-535.
[5] Soong W L.Field-weakening performance of brush- less synchronous AC motor drives[J]. IEE Proceedings- Electric Power Applications, 1994, 141(6): 331.
[6] EL-Refaie A M, Jahns T M. Optimal flux weakening in surface PM machines using fractional-slot con- centrated windings[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2005, 41(3): 790-800.
[7] Morimoto S, Sanada M, Takeda Y.Wide-speed operation of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors with high-performance current regulator[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1994, 30(4): 920-926.
[8] Tursini M, Chiricozzi E, Petrella R.Feedforward flux-weakening control of surface-mounted permanent- magnet synchronous motors accounting for resistive voltage drop[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2010, 57(1): 440-448.
[9] Chen Y S, Zhu Z Q, Howe D.Influence of inaccura- cies in machine parameters on field-weakening performance of PM brushless AC drives[C]//IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Con- ference,Seattle, WA, USA, 2002: 691-693.
[10] de Kock H W, Rix A J, Kamper M J. Optimal torque control of synchronous machines based on finite- element analysis[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2010, 57(1): 413-419.
[11] Maric D S, Hiti S, Stancu C C, et al.Two flux weakening schemes for surface-mounted permanent- magnet synchronous drives. Design and transient response considerations[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Bled, Slovenia, 2002: 673-678.
[12] Nalepa R, Orlowska-Kowalska T.Optimum trajectory control of the current vector of a nonsalient-pole PMSM in the field-weakening region[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2012, 59(7): 2867-2876.
[13] Zhu Z Q, Chen Y S, Howe D.Online optimal flux-weakening control of permanent-magnet brush- less AC drives[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2000, 36(6): 1661-1668.
[14] Kim J M, Sul S K.Speed control of interior per- manent magnet synchronous motor drive for the flux weakening operation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Indu- stry Applications, 1997, 33(1): 43-48.
[15] Bianchi N, Bolognani S, Zigliotto M.High- performance PM synchronous motor drive for an electrical scooter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2001, 37(5): 1348-1355.
[16] Wang Chao, Zhu Z Q.Fuzzy logic speed control of permanent magnet synchronous machine and feedback voltage ripple reduction in flux-weakening operation region[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Appli- cations, 2020, 56(2): 1505-1517.
[17] Kwon Y C, Kim S, Sul S K.Six-step operation of PMSM with instantaneous current control[C]//2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Raleigh, NC, USA, 2012: 479-486.
[18] Bozhko S, Rashed M, Hill C I, et al.Flux-weakening control of electric starter-generator based on permanent- magnet machine[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transport- ation Electrification, 2017, 3(4): 864-877.
[19] Wang Chao, Zhu Z Q, Zhan Hanlin.Adaptive voltage feedback controllers on nonsalient permanent magnet synchronous machine[J]. IEEE Transactions on Indu- stry Applications, 2020, 56(2): 1529-1542.
[20] Miguel-Espinar C, Heredero-Peris D, Gross G, et al.Maximum torque per voltage flux-weakening strategy with speed limiter for PMSM drives[J]. IEEE Transa- ctions on Industrial Electronics, 2021, 68(10): 9254-9264.
[21] Deng Tao, Su Zhenhua, Li Junying, et al.Advanced angle field weakening control strategy of permanent magnet synchronous motor[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2019, 68(4): 3424-3435.
[22] Liu Qian, Hameyer K.A deep field weakening control for the PMSM applying a modified overmodulation strategy[C]//8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016), Glasgow, UK, 2016: 1-6.
[23] Bolognani S, Calligaro S, Petrella R.Adaptive flux- weakening controller for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor drives[J]. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2014, 2(2): 236-248.
[24] Kwon T S, Sul S K.Novel anti-windup of a current regulator of a surface-mounted permanent-magnet motor for flux-weakening control[C]//Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference, Hong Kong, China, 2005: 1813-1819.
[25] Kwon Y C, Kim S, Sul S K.Voltage feedback current control scheme for improved transient performance of permanent magnet synchronous machine drives[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2012, 59(9): 3373-3382.
[26] Liu Hesong, Zhu Z Q, Mohamed E, et al.Flux- weakening control of nonsalient pole PMSM having large winding inductance, accounting for resistive voltage drop and inverter nonlinearities[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2012, 27(2): 942-952.
[27] Lin Pingyi, Lai Y S.Voltage control technique for the extension of DC-link voltage utilization of finite- speed SPMSM drives[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2012, 59(9): 3392-3402.
[28] Zhang Yuan, Güven M K, Guven M K, et al.Experimental verification of deep field weakening operation of a 50-kW IPM machine by using single current regulator[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2011, 47(1): 128-133.
[29] Zhu Lei, Wen Xuhui, Zhao Feng, et al.Deep field- weakening control of PMSMs for both motion and generation operation[C]//2011 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Beijing, China, 2011: 1-5.
[30] Miyajima T, Fujimoto H, Fujitsuna M.A precise model-based design of voltage phase controller for IPMSM[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2013, 28(12): 5655-5664.
[31] Stojan D, Drevensek D, Plantic Ž, et al.Novel field-weakening control scheme for permanent- magnet synchronous machines based on voltage angle control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Appli- cations, 2012, 48(6): 2390-2401.
[32] Bae B H, Patel N, Schulz S, et al.New field weakening technique for high saliency interior per- manent magnet motor[C]//38th IAS Annual Meeting on Conference Record of the Industry Applications Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 2004: 898-905.
[33] Choi G Y, Kwak M S, Kwon T S, et al.Novel flux-weakening control of an IPMSM for quasi six- step operation[C]//2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2007: 1315-1321.
[34] Cheng Bing, Tesch T R.Torque feedforward control technique for permanent-magnet synchronous motors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2010, 57(3): 969-974.
[35] Trancho E, Ibarra E, Arias A, et al.PM-assisted synchronous reluctance machine flux weakening control for EV and HEV applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2018, 65(4): 2986-2995.
[36] Li Siyi, Su Jianyong, Yang Guijie.Flux weakening control strategy of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on active disturbance rejection control[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(23): 6135-6144.
[37] Li Xue, Chi Song, Liu Cong, et al.Flux-weakening control with single current regulator of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on virtual resistor[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2020, 35(5): 1046-1054.
[38] Guo Jiaqiang, Liu Xu, Li Shanhu.Flux weakening control of variable flux reluctance machine con- sidering resistive voltage drops in armature and zero-sequence loop[J]. Transactions of China Electro- technical Society, 2021, 36(18): 3911-3921.
[39] Bao Xucong, Wang Xiaolin, Gu Cong, et al.Stability analysis and improvement design of current loop of ultra-high-speed permanent magnet motor drive system[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(10): 2469-2480.
[40] Song Xinxin, Zhao Wenxiang, Cheng Yu.Unity power factor field weakening control of field- modulated permanent magnet linear modulation motor with open winding[J]. Transactions of China Elec- trotechnical Society, 2021, 36(5): 893-901.
[41] Holtz J.Pulsewidth modulation-a survey[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1992, 39(5): 410-420. |
|
|
|
2023, Vol. 38 
