计及送受端交互影响的嵌入式直流系统换相失败特性分析

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.260190

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Abstract

Embedded DC (EDC) systems, in which rectifier and inverter stations are connected within the same synchronous AC grid, exhibit significantly stronger interactions between the sending and receiving terminals than conventional long-distance HVDC systems. Under fault conditions, disturbances can propagate through both the AC network and the DC control system, resulting in transient characteristics that differ substantially from those of conventional HVDC systems. Existing commutation failure (CF) studies mainly focus on scenarios dominated by single-end voltage disturbances and are insufficient to explain the transient characteristics of CF in EDC systems during the fault recovery stage. Therefore, the CF characteristics of EDC systems considering sending-receiving end interactions are investigated.
An analytical expression of the extinction angle is first derived for EDC systems. The results indicate that the extinction angle is simultaneously affected by the sending-end and receiving-end converter bus voltages, revealing a fundamental characteristic that distinguishes EDC systems from conventional long-distance HVDC systems. Based on this characteristic, a voltage interaction factor (EVIF) is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the interaction strength between the two converter terminals. Furthermore, a DC current variation-rate expression is established to describe the combined effects of voltage recovery and control-system response on the transient behavior of EDC systems during fault recovery.
The transient characteristics under sending-end and receiving-end faults are analyzed. For sending-end faults, the recovery of the sending-end voltage dominates the DC current restoration process. The DC current rises rapidly after fault clearing, leading to a rapid increase in commutation overlap angle and a sharp reduction in extinction angle. Consequently, the recovery-stage CF characteristics are similar to those observed in conventional long-distance HVDC systems. In contrast, under receiving-end faults, synchronous voltage variations occur at both terminals due to strong sending-receiving end interactions. The recovery of receiving-end voltage suppresses the DC current restoration process, resulting in a slower current recovery rate. As a consequence, the inverter remains under constant current (CC) control for an extended duration, and the advance firing angle continuously decreases during the recovery process. When the inverter naturally switches from CC control to constant extinction angle (CEA) control, insufficient advance firing angle margin may trigger CF.
Simulation results based on the CIGRE benchmark HVDC model show that the DC current recovery time to 0.9 pu increases from 2.33 s to 2.46 s under strong interaction conditions. Correspondingly, the advance firing angle at the natural controller switching instant decreases from 42.8° to 37.5°, significantly increasing the risk of CF. Further analysis demonstrates that EVIF decreases monotonically with increasing electrical distance between the converter stations. When the electrical distance is below a critical threshold, sending-receiving end interactions are jointly affected by AC-network coupling and DC control responses, making the transient characteristics highly sensitive to system topology and operating conditions. Statistical analysis under different fault types indicates that receiving-end faults are more likely to induce interaction-dominated CF, whereas sending-end faults mainly exhibit conventional CF characteristics.
Finally, electromagnetic transient simulations under different interaction levels, fault conditions, and control schemes validate the proposed analysis. The results demonstrate that sending-receiving end interactions alter the DC current restoration process and controller switching characteristics during fault recovery, thereby changing the formation mechanism of CF in EDC systems. The proposed EVIF effectively quantifies the interaction strength between converter terminals and provides a useful indicator for analyzing CF characteristics in EDC systems.

Key words： Embedded DC system commutation failure interaction influence fault type characteristic analysis

Received: 02 February 2026

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TM712

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	Ding Cangbi
	Zheng Chenyi
	Tang Yi
	Zhang Chaohai

Cite this article:

Ding Cangbi,Zheng Chenyi,Tang Yi等. Characteristic Analysis of Commutation Failure in Embedded DC Systems Considering Sending-Receiving End Interactions[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 260190-.

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