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| Mechanical Fault Diagnosis of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Based on Prior Knowledge Constraints and Contrastive Domain Adaptation |
| Wang Yanxin, Yan Jing, Jing Qianzhen, Geng Yingsan, Wang Jianhua |
| State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China |
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Abstract Although data-driven models for mechanical fault diagnosis of high-voltage circuit breakers（HVCBs）have demonstrated the ability to extract health-related features from monitoring signals, their performance in practical field scenarios is often constrained by the scarcity of fault samples, insufficient labeling, and the lack of mechanistic constraints. These limitations lead to insufficient feature representation, limited generalization, and reduced interpretability, hindering the deployment of these models in engineering applications. This paper proposes a self-supervised contrastive domain adaptation framework that leverages prior knowledge to achieve high-precision mechanical fault diagnosis of HVCBs under small-sample, unlabeled conditions.
First, a Fourier feature learning network incorporating prior knowledge is developed to extract more informative, physically meaningful features. The network integrates insights into fault mechanisms derived from the excitation-response behavior of HVCB mechanical components, guiding the extraction and refinement of frequency-domain features from both the amplitude and phase spectra. It effectively enhances the model's robustness to strong noise and reduces its dependence on large-scale labeled datasets. By fusing prior knowledge with deep Fourier features, the network achieves physically interpretable feature representations that accurately reflect the underlying fault mechanisms.
Second, a contrastive domain adaptation strategy is introduced to address distributional differences between the source and target domains, which may arise from variations in voltage levels, structural configurations, and operating mechanisms across different HVCBs. The proposed strategy employs contrastive learning to simultaneously align features in the source and target domains. By constructing positive and negative sample pairs based on class correspondence, the model enhances intra-class compactness and inter-class separability. This approach enables effective feature representation and cross-domain generalization even with unlabeled target data and small sample sizes. Multi-round training with data augmentation further strengthens the model's adaptability to real-world operating conditions.
The proposed framework integrates Fourier feature learning, guided by prior knowledge, and contrastive domain adaptation into a unified model. The model is validated on two independently developed HVCB diagnostic platforms, covering multiple mechanical fault types and normal operating states. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves diagnostic accuracy, recall, and F1 scores of 97.36%, 95.28%, and 94.89%, respectively. Notably, the model maintained high performance under strong noise and sample imbalance. A comparative analysis with baseline and conventional methods confirms that integrating prior knowledge and contrastive domain adaptation significantly improves diagnostic performance across multiple fault categories.
In conclusion, by combining physically guided Fourier feature extraction with domain-adaptive contrastive learning, the proposed framework not only achieves high-precision fault recognition but also ensures interpretability and practical applicability. The experimental results highlight its potential for deployment in real-world engineering environments, providing a reliable and robust tool for intelligent monitoring and predictive maintenance of HVCBs.
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Received: 15 August 2025
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2026, Vol. 41 
