储能电站送出线路相间距离保护适应性分析及其改进措施

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.250885

Abstract
Figure/Table
References
Related Citation (15)

Download: PDF (1654 KB) HTML (1 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract In recent years, the application of electrochemical energy storage power stations in power systems has been increasing rapidly. However, their unique fault characteristics during charging and discharging have posed new challenges to relay protection, especially to distance protection. The adaptability of phase-comparison distance protection with memory voltage to the transmission lines of energy storage power stations is studied in detail and a distance protection scheme based on phase correction of the pre-fault current direction is proposed in the paper.
An in-depth analysis of the distinct fault characteristics of energy storage power stations during charging and discharging is studied in detail. It is revealed that the output current phase angle varies significantly between these two working conditions, leading to changes in the impedance angle of the equivalent “apparent power source” of the energy storage system. Subsequently, the impact mechanism of these characteristics on the operating performance of impedance relays is theoretically explained.
Traditional distance protection scheme, which utilize memory voltage for polarization, is widely used in practical engineering. However, when applied to energy storage power stations, this scheme may encounter issues such as exit dead zones and incorrect operations in reverse direction. To address these challenges, the concept of an equivalent “apparent power source” impedance angle for energy storage systems is introduced in the paper. An improved distance protection method is proposed, which involves phase correction of the action criteria based on the equivalent impedance angle of the energy storage power station.
The proposed method enables the online measurement of the equivalent “apparent power source” impedance angle of the energy storage system. By comparing the phase relationship between the measured voltage and current at the protection installation point of the energy storage power station, the phase correction principle is employed to enhance the distance protection scheme.
The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified through simulations conducted on the PSCAD/EMTDC platform. The simulation results demonstrate that under charging conditions, the phase difference between the short-circuit current and voltage can lead to incorrect operations of distance protection. Specifically, the protection on the energy storage side may fail to operate during a positive direction fault near the installation site for protection, and the protection on the system side may maloperate during a reverse direction fault. However, the proposed correction criterion can eliminate the influence of charging conditions. It can accurately identify the fault location, ensuring reliable operation of distance protection and exhibiting strong resistance to transition resistance.
The key conclusions of the research in this paper are as follows: (1) The fault characteristics of electrochemical energy storage power stations vary significantly between charging and discharging conditions. These variations are reflected in the phase angle of the output current, which in turn affects the impedance angle of the equivalent “apparent power source” of the energy storage system. (2) Under charging conditions, the impedance angle of the equivalent “apparent power source” changes into obtuse angle, which can lead to incorrect operation of traditional phase-comparison distance protection. Specifically, distance protection on the energy storage side may fail to operate during a positive direction fault near the installation site for protection, and distance protection on the system side may maloperate during a reverse direction fault. (3) The proposed distance protection scheme, based on online measurement of the equivalent “apparent power source” impedance angle of the energy storage system, can effectively distinguish between internal and external faults. By correcting the phase angle of the impedance angle during charging conditions in action equation of impedance relay, the scheme improves the sensitivity and selectivity of protection, thereby enhancing the reliability of distance protection.

Key words： Energy storage power station fault characteristics relay protection distance protection phase correction

Received: 26 May 2025

PACS:

TM77

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	Wang Xiaoran
	Fan Chunju
	Zhu Haoyu
	Hu Yan
	Tai Nengling

Cite this article:

Wang Xiaoran,Fan Chunju,Zhu Haoyu等. Adaptability Analysis and Improvement Measures for Phase to Phase Distance Protection of Transmission Lines Connected with Energy Storage Power Stations[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(11): 3691-3703.

URL:

https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/EN/10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.250885 OR https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/EN/Y2026/V41/I11/3691

[1] 唐西胜, 李伟, 沈晓东. 面向新型电力系统的储能规划方法研究进展及展望[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2024, 48(9): 178-191.
Tang Xisheng, Li Wei, Shen Xiaodong.Research progress and prospect of energy storage planning method for new power system[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2024, 48(9): 178-191.
[2] 国家能源局. 2024年可再生能源并网运行情况[EB/ OL]. (2025-01-21)[2025-05-01]. https://www.nea.gov.cn/20250221/e10f363cabe3458aaf78ba4558970054/c.html.
[3] 李军徽, 潘雅慧, 穆钢, 等. 高比例风电系统中储能集群辅助火电机组调峰分层优化控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(7): 2127-2145.
Li Junhui, Pan Yahui, Mu Gang, et al.Hierarchical optimal control strategy for storage cluster-assisted thermal unit peaking in high-ratio wind power system[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(7): 2127-2145.
[4] 李建林, 邹菲, 游洪灏, 等. 构网型储能变流器自适应低电压穿越控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(9): 2724-2737.
Li Jianlin, Zou Fei, You Honghao, et al.Adaptive low-voltage ride-through control strategy of grid-forming energy storage converter[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(9): 2724-2737.
[5] Nagpal M, Henville C.Impact of power-electronic sources on transmission line ground fault protection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2018, 33(1): 62-70.
[6] Brusilowicz B, Schulz N N.Polarizing voltage generating method for distance and directional protection elements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2020, 36(1): 74-83.
[7] Jia Jundi, Yang Guangya, Nielsen A H, et al.Impact of VSC control strategies and incorporation of synchronous condensers on distance protection under unbalanced faults[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2019, 66(2): 1108-1118.
[8] El-Arroudi K, Joós G.Performance of interconnection protection based on distance relaying for wind power distributed generation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2018, 33(2): 620-629.
[9] 陈琳浩, 张金华, 都劲松, 等. 采用电压极化的比相式距离保护用于双馈式风电场送出线路适用性分析[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2016, 36(9): 74-79.
Chen Linhao, Zhang Jinhua, Du Jinsong, et al.Applicability of phase-comparison distance protection based on polarized voltage for outgoing transmission line of DFIG-based wind farm[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2016, 36(9): 74-79.
[10] 周泽昕, 于溯, 李勇, 等. 新能源经柔直送出场景下功角变化导致比相式距离保护不正确动作机制分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(5): 1730-1739.
Zhou Zexin, Yu Su, Li Yong, et al.Analysis of the incorrect operation mechanism of the phase comparison distance protection caused by the change of power angle in the scenario of MMC-HVDC connected renewable power system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(5): 1730-1739.
[11] 刘素梅, 王丹枫, 韩伟, 等. 计及储能充放电特性的交流耦合光储电站送出线路纵联保护[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2025, 53(10): 66-77.
Liu Sumei, Wang Danfeng, Han Wei, et al.Pilot protection of exporting lines in AC-coupled PV-energy storage power stations considering the charging-discharging characteristics of energy storage systems[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2025, 53(10): 66-77.
[12] 李斌, 李博睿, 李超, 等. 考虑过充/过放的电化学储能电站建模及故障特性分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2024, 48(14): 119-128.
Li Bin, Li Borui, Li Chao, et al.Modeling and fault characteristic analysis of electrochemical energy storage station considering overcharging/overdischarging[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2024, 48(14): 119-128.
[13] 霍启迪, 唐晓骏, 马世英, 等. 不对称短路故障下电池储能影响交流系统短路电流机理及算法[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2022, 42(3): 153-160.
Huo Qidi, Tang Xiaojun, Ma Shiying, et al.Mechanism and algorithm of short circuit current in AC system affected by BESS under asymmetric short circuit faults[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2022, 42(3): 153-160.
[14] Berger M, Kocar I, Farantatos E, et al.Modeling of Li-ion battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for grid fault analysis[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2021, 196: 107160.
[15] 李超, 李博睿, 李斌, 等. 功率方向元件在电化学储能电站接入配电网中的适应性分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2025, 49(11): 126-135.
Li Chao, Li Borui, Li Bin, et al.Adaptability analysis of power directional elements in electrochemical energy storage power stations connected to distribution networks[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2025, 49(11): 126-135.
[16] 贾科, 赵其娟, 冯涛, 等. 柔性直流配电系统高频突变量距离保护[J]. 电工技术学报, 2020, 35(2): 383-394.
Jia Ke, Zhao Qijuan, Feng Tao, et al.High-frequency fault component distance protection for flexible DC distribution system[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2020, 35(2): 383-394.
[17] 晁晨栩, 郑晓冬, 高飘, 等. 含高比例光伏配电网的高频阻抗差动保护[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(20): 6968-6979.
Chao Chenxu, Zheng Xiaodong, Gao Piao, et al.High frequency impedance differential protection with high proportion of photovoltaic power distribution network[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(20): 6968-6979.
[18] 国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 电化学储能系统储能变流器技术要求: GB/T 34120—2023[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2023.
[19] 黄红杰, 皇金锋, 周杰. 基于有限时间观测器的两级式储能变流器改进滑模自抗扰控制[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(1): 178-189.
Huang Hongjie, Huang Jinfeng, Zhou Jie.Improved sliding mode active disturbance rejection control for two-stage power conversion system based on finite time observer[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(1): 178-189.
[20] 张家琪, 刘朋印, 谢小荣, 等. 适用于故障特性分析的锂离子电池储能电磁暂态建模方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2023, 47(7): 166-173.
Zhang Jiaqi, Liu Pengyin, Xie Xiaorong, et al.Electromagnetic transient modeling method of lithium-ion battery energy storage system for fault characteristic analysis[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47(7): 166-173.
[21] 侯勇, 张尔佳, 范春菊, 等. 突变量距离保护应用于双馈风机出线相间短路时的改进方法[J]. 电力系统及其自动化学报, 2025, 37(7): 79-90.
Hou Yong, Zhang Erjia, Fan Chunju, et al.Improved approach for applying fault component distance protection to phase-to-phase faults in double-fed induction generator transmission lines[J]. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, 2025, 37(7): 79-90.
[22] 郑涛, 章若竹, 吕文轩, 等. 基于故障主动控制的海上风电交流汇集线路时域距离保护[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(1): 122-138.
Zheng Tao, Zhang Ruozhu, Lü Wenxuan, et al.Time-domain distance protection of offshore AC transmission lines based on fault active control considering distributed capacitance’s impact[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(1): 122-138.
[23] 王兴国, 于溯, 周泽昕, 等. 新能源电源控制故障响应对交流线路距离保护影响分析[J]. 电网技术, 2024, 48(9): 3834-3843.
Wang Xingguo, Yu Su, Zhou Zexin, et al.Action analysis of AC line distance protection considering new energy power control response[J]. Power System Technology, 2024, 48(9): 3834-3843.
[24] 张保会, 尹项根. 电力系统继电保护[M]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2005: 89-97.