|
|
|
| Research on Rapid Low-Temperature Compound Heating Method for Lithium-Ion Battery Module Based on Pulse Working Conditions |
| Sun Bingxiang1,2, Fan Chao1,2, Qi Xianjie3, Song Donglin4, Zhao Haichuan1,2 |
1. National Active Distribution Network Technology Research Center (NANTEC) Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China;
2. Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University Tangshan 063000 China;
3. Beijing Electric Power Engineering Co. Ltd Beijing 100070 China;
4. Beijing Aerospace Times Laser Inertial Technology Co. Ltd Beijing 100094 China |
|
|
|
Abstract In certain specialized fields, such as high-altitude, extremely cold, and off-grid environments, rapid, efficient, and auxiliary-source-free self-starting low-temperature heating methods are crucial for improving the performance and reliability of lithium-ion batteries in low-temperature environments. Current compound heating methods primarily target cell or require external auxiliary power sources, with limited research on auxiliary-free compound heating methods for battery modules. Additionally, existing heating methods generally focus on temperature uniformity across the surface of cells within a module, with limited ability to simultaneously achieve rapid heating of the module while maintaining optimal thermal distribution within each cell. To address these shortcomings, this study conducted relevant research, with the following specific contents:
Firstly, a low-temperature heating module configuration for lithium-ion batteries was designed, and a pulse condition experimental platform was established. Three 8 A·h soft-pack ternary lithium battery cells with the closest capacity were selected and connected in series with four optimized heating plates to form the battery module heating module. Based on material property comparisons and relevant literature, 36 mΩ aluminum sheets were selected as heating plates. A platform was constructed comprising three major modules: heating control, data acquisition, and battery module. The heating control module uses pulse width modulation (PWM) signals to drive MOSFETs for pulse discharge heating, improving heating efficiency and temperature uniformity. Equipped with anti-common-mode units to realize high-voltage isolation, the data acquisition module integrates current sensors for high-precision electrical parameter monitoring and thermocouples for real-time temperature acquisition of the battery heating module during the heating phase, thereby guaranteeing experimental safety and the credibility of measured data.
Secondly, a distributed thermal model of the battery module heating system was constructed. Specifically, based on the distributed thermal model of a single battery cell, combined with the thermal models of thermal grease and heating elements, a thermal model of the module heating system was established. By introducing a symmetry assumption, the system structure was simplified. The thermal model employs a distributed equivalent thermal path method to precisely characterize temperature changes in the thickness direction of the module. Subsequently, key parameters such as thermal resistance and thermal capacity were identified using actual measurement data and the adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm. Finally, the identification results were incorporated into the model, and the model was experimentally validated under different duty cycles, state of charge (SOC), and ambient temperature conditions. The results showed that the maximum root mean square error between the model simulation and the measured temperature did not exceed 1.3℃.
Finally, an analysis of the factors influencing low-temperature heating of lithium-ion battery modules was conducted. Specifically, three heating performance metrics were defined: temperature rise rate, maximum temperature difference, and energy consumption rate. Based on this, heating experiments were designed under different duty cycles, SOC levels, and ambient temperatures to quantitatively study the effects of these factors on the heating process. The results showed that a higher duty cycle increases the battery's temperature rise rate but also widens the internal temperature difference; the higher the SOC, the faster the temperature rise rate, but the maximum temperature difference also increases; the higher the ambient temperature, the higher the heating efficiency, but the internal temperature difference becomes more pronounced. At -20℃, using a pulse heating method with a frequency of 1 Hz and a duty cycle of D50%, the temperature rise rate of the battery module exceeds 10℃/min at all SOC levels, with an energy consumption rate below 7.05% and a maximum temperature difference below 7.5℃; At -30℃ and 100% SOC, the battery module's temperature rise rate reached 13.83℃/min, with an energy consumption rate of 10.98% and a maximum temperature difference of 7.34℃.
The above results indicate that the established thermal model of the battery module heating system can accurately reflect the thermal characteristics of the battery module. The proposed battery module heating method can rapidly heat lithium-ion battery modules at different SOCs and ambient temperatures without the need for external auxiliary power sources, while ensuring a certain degree of temperature uniformity.
|
|
Received: 08 April 2025
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] Shao Dan, Hu Liangyong, Zhang Jiangyun, et al.Advanced low-temperature preheating strategies for power lithium-ion batteries applied in electric vehicles: a review[J]. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2024, 19(11): 100817.
[2] 王鹏. 石墨负极/电解液界面膜形成机理及成膜强化技术研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州理工大学, 2023.
Wang Peng.Research on the mechanism and enhancement technology of electrode/electrolyte interphase film formation process[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University of Technology, 2023.
[3] 李占龙, 马荣鑫, 胡坤, 等. 铋基扣式锂硫电池应力敏感性研究[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2023, 23(22): 9535-9542.
Li Zhanlong, Ma Rongxin, Hu Kun, et al.Stress sensitivity of bismuth based button lithium-sulfur batteries[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(22): 9535-9542.
[4] 段佳月, 陈金秀, 张晋豪, 等. 低温锂离子电池的动力学挑战及解决策略[J]. 电源技术, 2024, 48(8): 1484-1493.
Duan Jiayue, Chen Jinxiu, Zhang Jinhao, et al.Kinetics challenges and resolution strategies for low temperature lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 48(8): 1484-1493.
[5] Zhang Guangxu, Wei Xuezhe, Tang Xuan, et al.Internal short circuit mechanisms, experimental approaches and detection methods of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 141: 110790.
[6] 熊瑞, 朱宇华, 张骞慧, 等. 锂离子电池低温加热技术研究进展及应用综述[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(22): 109-132.
Xiong Rui, Zhu Yuhua, Zhang Qian hui, et al. Research progress and application of low temperature heating technology for lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(22): 109-132.
[7] Wang Chaoyang, Zhang Guangsheng, Ge Shanhai, et al.Lithium-ion battery structure that self-heats at low temperatures[J]. Nature, 2016, 529(7587): 515-518.
[8] 宋东林. 基于脉冲工况的锂离子电池低温复合加热方法研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2023.
Song Donglin.Study on low temperature hybrid heating method for lithium-ion batteries based on pulse working conditions[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2023.
[9] Ruan Haijun, Jiang Jiuchun, Sun Bingxiang, et al.An optimal internal-heating strategy for lithium-ion batteries at low temperature considering both heating time and lifetime reduction[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 256: 113797.
[10] 何锡添, 孙丙香, 阮海军, 等. 锂离子电池变频变幅交流低温自加热策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(9): 1798-1805.
He Xitian, Sun Bingxiang, Ruan Haijun, et al.A variable-frequency and variable-amplitude AC low-temperature self-heating strategy for lithium-ion battery[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2019, 34(9): 1798-1805.
[11] Qu Zhiguo, Jiang Zhiyuan, Wang Qiuwang.Experimental study on pulse self-heating of lithium-ion battery at low temperature[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 135: 696-705.
[12] 熊瑞, 马骕骁, 陈泽宇, 等. 锂离子电池极速自加热中的电-热耦合特性及建模[J]. 机械工程学报, 2021, 57(2): 179-189.
Xiong Rui, Ma Suxiao, Chen Zeyu, et al.Electro-chemical thermal coupling characteristics and modeling for lithium-ion battery operating with extremely self-fast heating[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 57(2): 179-189.
[13] Lü Youfu, Yang Xiaoqing, Zhang Guoqing, et al.Experimental research on the effective heating strategies for a phase change material based power battery module[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 128: 392-400.
[14] Zhang Chuanwei, Huang Jing, Sun Weixin, et al.Research on liquid preheating performance for battery thermal management of electric vehicles at low temperature[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 55: 105497.
[15] Ianniciello L, Biwolé P H, Achard P.Electric vehicles batteries thermal management systems employing phase change materials[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 378: 383-403.
[16] 李夔宁, 王靖鸿, 谢翌, 等. 锂离子电池低温复合加热策略及优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(10): 3191-3199.
Li Kuining, Wang Jinghong, Xie Yi, et al.Low-temperature compound-heating strategy and optimization of lithium-ion battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(10): 3191-3199.
[17] Luo Mingyun, Lin Xuemin, Feng Jinxin, et al.Fast self-preheating system and energy conversion model for lithium-ion batteries under low-temperature conditions[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2023, 565: 232897.
[18] Ruan Haijun, Sun Bingxiang, Cruden A, et al.Optimal external heating resistance enabling rapid compound self-heating for lithium-ion batteries at low tempera-tures[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2022, 200: 117536.
[19] 阮海军. 低温环境下锂离子电池优化加热及充电方法研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2019.
Ruan Haijun.Optimal heating and charging methods for lithium-ion batteries under the low-temperature environment[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2019.
[20] 孙丙香, 宋东林, 阮海军, 等. 基于自产热和外传热的锂离子电池热学模型参数辨识方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(1): 278-288.
Sun Bingxiang, Song Donglin, Ruan Haijun, et al.Parameter identification method of thermal model of lithium-ion battery based on self-generated heat and external heat transfer[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(1): 278-288. |
|
|
|
2026, Vol. 41 
