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Abstract With the rapid development of science and technology, the space electromagnetic environment is becoming increasingly complex, diverse in composition, and characterized by wide spectrum occupation, large field strength amplitude span, and fast spatiotemporal changes. In recent years, intelligent electrical equipment has developed rapidly, with significant growth in smart transformers, intelligent switches, multi-level conversion solid-state transformers, electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL), unmanned smart connected electric vehicles, and drones. Therefore, studying the perceptual representation of complex space electromagnetic environments and the safety protection methods of intelligent electrical equipment have significant theoretical significance and practical value. This article will discuss three aspects: precise measurement and characterization modeling of complex space electromagnetic environments, coupling paths and equipment failure mechanisms between space electromagnetic environments and intelligent electrical equipment, and research on protection methods of intelligent electrical equipment for complex space electromagnetic environments. Finally, future research directions and application development trends in this field will be presented.
In the research on electromagnetic characteristic measurement and representation modeling of complex space electromagnetic environments, this paper systematically summarizes their typical features and reviews key techniques such as electromagnetic field measurement, pulse signal acquisition, parameter extraction, and quantitative modeling. Progress in time-frequency characterization, pulse-field modeling, and spatial distribution representation of environmental electromagnetic fields is also analyzed. In the study of coupling paths between space electromagnetic environments and intelligent electrical equipment as well as the associated failure mechanisms, this paper examines typical coupling channels, including free-space illumination, cable coupling, enclosure-slot coupling, and grounding-network coupling. It further summarizes the multi-scale energy coupling behavior from structural, component, and system perspectives, and outlines the electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical response mechanisms of intelligent transformers, electric aircraft, unmanned systems, and other intelligent electrical equipment under high-altitude electromagnetic pulses, broadband radiation, and continuous-wave interference, thereby revealing the potential performance degradation and failure modes of key functional modules. In the research on protection methods for intelligent electrical equipment operating in complex space electromagnetic environments, this paper reviews representative engineering measures for both front-door and back-door protection, including structural shielding, filtering and suppression, grounding optimization, module reinforcement, and electromagnetic isolation. Typical protection cases and their validation results are analyzed, and the main strategies and engineering implementation routes for improving equipment immunity are summarized.
In future research on the safety and protection of intelligent electrical equipment operating in complex space electromagnetic environments, it remains essential to further improve measurement methodologies and database construction for such environments, enabling more accurate characterization of electromagnetic features across wider frequency ranges and multiple source conditions. At the same time, multi-scale response models capable of capturing strong electromagnetic disturbance effects need to be developed. In terms of protection technologies, it is urgent to establish multi-spatiotemporal coordinated electromagnetic protection frameworks, optimize dynamic protection strategies using intelligent algorithms, and explore electromagnetic countermeasure and active-defense mechanisms. In addition, enhancing fault diagnosis and performance prediction capabilities of intelligent electrical equipment, along with conducting operational risk assessment based on interconnected monitoring and big data analytics, will be key directions to ensure the safe and reliable operation of intelligent electrical equipment under complex space electromagnetic environments.
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Received: 22 October 2025
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2025, Vol. 40 
