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| Analysis of Technological Evolution and Operational Challenges for Virtual Power Plants in New Power Systems |
| Gao Hongchao1, Kang Chongqing1, Li Jiayu1, Cui Yong2, Li Lei3 |
1. Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China;
2. State Grid Shanghai Electric Power Co. Ltd Shanghai 200437 China;
3. State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co. Ltd Hangzhou 310007 China |
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Abstract In recent years, virtual power plant (VPP) technology has continuously developed, with increasingly diverse application scenarios and significant demonstration effects. As a new type of power source, VPP has become an integral component of flexible resources in new power systems. Benefiting from the integrated development of power and IoT technologies, the VPP technical paradigm promotes the construction of operational capabilities for distributed resources characterized by being measurable, observable, adjustable, and controllable (“four controllability features”). However, the technical framework for supply-demand interaction under cyber-physical-social multi-dimensional coupling from the aggregation perspective has not yet achieved a comprehensive breakthrough, and an operational paradigm ensuring physical assurance, cyber assurance, and value assurance (“triple assurance”) urgently requires establishment. It is critical for transforming VPP from a stochastic resource to a deterministic resource, thereby enabling normalized operation and large-scale applications.
This study first conducts a quantitative analysis of academic publications on VPP technology in EI-indexed Chinese journals across three temporal segments (2013—2017, 2018—2021, and 2022—2024), through which research hotspots in this domain are systematically identified. Research findings reveal that during the initial phase (2013—2017), domestic scholars predominantly focused on VPP market operation mechanisms and business model design. In the second stage (2018—2021), the research hotspots progressively shifted from market operations to dispatch control. In the third phase (2022—2024), while focusing on bidding strategies in electricity markets and operational optimization algorithms for VPP, the research direction demonstrates a trend of diversified developments toward low-carbon operation, credibility assurance through aggregation, and security protection.
The study evaluates the changing trends and evolutionary directions of VPP core technologies. The findings demonstrate that VPP core technologies have evolved from a unitary technical perspective into a cyber- physical-social multi-perspective integrated system. Under this coupled perspective, distributed resource interaction mechanisms, high-dimensional uncertainty modeling for aggregation computing, and rapid-solving techniques meeting multi-timescale regulation requirements of power systems will constitute key future research trends. There are four constraints on the normalized operation and large-scale application of VPP within China's electricity market context from a top-level planning perspective: (1) Lack of consensus on conceptual thinking and discerning critical notions, such as technical purpose, technical scope, and technical value. (2) Urgent requirement to establish market positioning, due to the absence of an operational ecosystem and entity cultivation mechanisms adapted to its development. (3) Urgent requirement to analyze demand orientation, as relationships with the new power system, system economy, reliability, and cleanliness remain unclarified. (4) Incomplete technical frameworks in power communication, artificial intelligence, end-user security, and trusted architecture.
Aligned with the new power system construction requirements and informed by current market operations of typical domestic VPP demonstration projects, actionable recommendations for VPP sustainable development are put forward: (1) Establish and improve technical standards for VPP, business scenario planning, and access rules. (2) Continuously promote the mining of demand-side flexibility to strengthen the planning, configuration, and top-level design of VPP. (3) Reasonably formulate market mechanisms and business models for VPP, promoting a sustainable market-oriented operational ecosystem. (4) Comprehensively enhance multi-timescale dispatch technologies for VPP, reinforcing multi-category flexibility supply levels. These research outcomes are intended to provide references for the theoretical innovation and technological development of VPP.
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Received: 24 April 2025
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2025, Vol. 40 
