雷电冲击电压下串联双真空间隙的击穿极性效应

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241608

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Abstract Vacuum gaps in series are widely used in high-voltage vacuum equipment to improve the insulation performance. It is well-known that one vacuum gap has different dielectric strengths under positive and negative voltages, termed as polarity effect, and this difference might be enlarged as the number of series-gap increases. Therefore, the polarity effect of vacuum gaps in series is an important factor influencing the insulation performance of vacuum equipment. However, there is no quantitative research on the polarity effect of multiple vacuum gaps and also a lack of related evaluation methods. This makes it difficult to design the insulation structure in high-voltage vacuum equipment. To address these issues, this article quantitatively investigated the influence of lightning impulse voltage (LIV) polarity on the breakdown characteristics of double vacuum gaps in series. The mechanism of polarity effect was revealed and an evaluation method for positive and negative breakdown voltages was proposed. The results can help to further understand the breakdown mechanism of vacuums gaps in series and provide theoretical basis for the design of high-voltage insulation structure in vacuum.
Firstly, based on sphere-plane electrodes, the breakdown characteristics of double vacuum gaps in series were experimentally determined under positive and negative LIVs. The up-down method was adopted in voltage application. The cumulative probability of breakdown voltage was analyzed by the 3-parameters Weibull distribution and the 50% breakdown voltage U₅₀was obtained to represent the dielectric strength of double gaps. Secondly, the electric fields of double vacuum gaps were calculated by the finite element method. The voltage distribution and field strengths at cathode of double gaps were obtained. Combining with the experimental results, the influence of maximum field strength at cathode on U₅₀ under positive and negative LIVs was determined. Then, according to the breakdown theory in vacuum, the mechanism of polarity effect was illustrated by analyzing the relationship between the field strengths at cathode and breakdown voltage of double vacuum gaps. Finally, a method for evaluating the breakdown voltages of double gaps under both positive and negative LIVs was proposed based on the maximum field strength at cathode and validated by the experimental results.
The conclusions were drawn as following: (1) The lightning impulse breakdown voltage of double vacuum gap in series showed a polarity effect. For the double sphere-plane gaps, the positive breakdown voltage was higher than the negative one. As the gap distance increased, their difference gradually became larger and the polarity effect was more significant. (2) The electric field strength at cathode was the key factor affecting the dielectric strength of double vacuum gaps. Under positive and negative LIVs, the maximum field strength at cathode and breakdown voltage followed a similar negative-exponential relationship. Due to the asymmetric electric field distribution, the difference in field strength at cathode should be the main reason for the polarity effect. (3) Validated by experiments, the fitted relationship between maximum field strength at cathode and U₅₀ (${{U}_{\text{50}}}\text{=51}\text{.23}E_{\text{cmax(h)}}^{-\text{0}\text{.45}}E_{\text{cmax(l)}}^{-\text{0}\text{.33}}$) can be used to evaluate the breakdown voltages of double gaps under LIVs with both polarities. The estimation error was within 10%.

Key words： Vacuum breakdown double gaps in series polarity effect lightning impulse voltage (LIV) electric field strength at cathode

Received: 10 September 2024

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TM561.2

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	Shen Jingyu
	Xu Zhihong
	Liu Zhiyuan
	Geng Yingsan
	Wang Jianhua

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Shen Jingyu,Xu Zhihong,Liu Zhiyuan等. Polarity Effect of Breakdown for Double Vacuum Gaps in Series under Lightning Impulse Voltage[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(17): 5589-5600.

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https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/EN/10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241608 OR https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/EN/Y2025/V40/I17/5589

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