带电运行环境1 000 kV GIS复合套管沿串不均匀老化特性及机理研究

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.251989

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摘要

为探究1 000 kV GIS复合套管硅橡胶护套的沿串不均匀老化机理,该研究以实际带电运行8年的退役套管为对象,建立二维电场仿真模型,并结合多维度实验测试开展综合分析。通过对套管进行仿真,获得了其电场分布。基于该分布选取了四个电场强度差异显著的部位,分别对伞裙和本体进行取样,并记录了对应的仿真电场值。结果表明：屏蔽层与绝缘棒交界处本体电场强度最高（6.31 kV/cm）,与电场最弱的对照位置本体（0.50 kV/cm）差值达5.81 kV/cm。通过扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱等测试发现：在电场畸变与局部放电协同作用下,设备端本体老化最为严重,其?CH₃键透过率高达86.8%;中间区域伞裙老化程度高于本体,其原因为紫外?电场的耦合效应。热重分析显示：老化最严重样品的热稳定性优于部分样品,表明单一指标评价老化状态的局限性。该研究揭示了高温硫化硅橡胶在自然运行条件下以电场为主导的多因素耦合老化特性,为特高压套管绝缘材料的可靠性评估与寿命预测提供了实验依据与理论支持。

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	乔新涵
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关键词 ： 1 000 kV, GIS复合套管, 带电运行环境, 电场仿真, 高温硫化硅橡胶, 不均匀老化特性

Abstract：

Uneven aging of silicone rubber sheaths is a critical reliability concern for ultra-high-voltage gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) composite bushings operating under long-term live conditions. In service environments, the sheath is simultaneously subjected to non-uniform electric fields and multiple environmental stresses, resulting in position-dependent degradation that cannot be adequately explained by single-factor accelerated aging tests or individual aging indicators. To clarify the axial uneven aging characteristics and underlying mechanisms of high-temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber, this study investigates a 1 000 kV GIS composite bushing retired after eight years of continuous live operation by combining electric field simulation with multi-dimensional material characterization.
A two-dimensional electrostatic field model of the 1 000 kV GIS composite bushing was established using COMSOL Multiphysics. The model incorporates the main structural components of the bushing, including the central conductor, inner and outer grading shields, the insulating rod, the silicone rubber sheath, and surrounding structures. Grid independence was verified, and the axial electric field distribution along the sheath surface and bulk regions was obtained under rated operating voltage. Based on the simulation results, four representative positions were selected for sampling: the equipment terminal, the grading shield-insulating rod interface, a reference position in the middle section, and the line terminal. Both bulk and shed samples were collected at each position, yielding eight representative HTV silicone rubber specimens.
The aging state of the samples was evaluated using a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). These techniques were used to characterize surface morphology, elemental composition, chemical bond degradation, and thermal decomposition behavior, respectively, enabling a multi-dimensional assessment of material aging.
Simulation results reveal a strongly non-uniform axial electric field distribution along the bushing sheath. The maximum electric field strength reaches 6.31 kV·cm^-1 in the bulk material at the grading shield-insulating rod interface, while the minimum value of 0.50 kV·cm^-1 is observed at the reference position, yielding a difference of 5.81 kV·cm^-1. Experimental results are consistent with this electrical stress distribution. SEM observations show the most severe surface cracking and micro-defects on the bulk sample from the equipment terminal. EDS analysis of this sample indicates reduced O, Si, and Al contents and increased C content, attributed to the barrier effect of nano-fillers and the migration of low-molecular-weight compounds. FTIR results confirm that this sample exhibits the highest bond breakage rates, with Si-C, Si-O-Si, and -CH₃ degradation reaching 36.8%, 35.5%, and 86.8%, respectively. Based on the combined indicators, the overall aging severity follows the order: Sample 1 > Sample 6 > Sample 7 > Sample 8 > Sample 2 > Sample 4 > Sample 3 > Sample 5.
Thermogravimetric analysis shows that aging severity and thermal stability do not exhibit a monotonic relationship. The most severely aged sample presents a higher 5% weight loss temperature (306.2 °C) and a higher second-stage decomposition peak temperature (489.6 °C) than some less-aged samples, indicating the coexistence of competing degradation mechanisms involving molecular chain scission and cross-linking under long-term multi-stress conditions.
The results indicate that uneven aging of HTV silicone rubber sheaths in 1 000 kV GIS composite bushings is primarily governed by axial electric field non-uniformity, synergistically coupled with environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, temperature fluctuation, humidity, and pollution. Bulk regions at the equipment and line terminals experience more severe aging than sheds due to electric field distortion, partial discharge, and intensified thermal cycling, whereas in the middle section, shed samples degrade more severely because of direct environmental exposure. The findings confirm that single aging indicators are insufficient for evaluating the service state of silicone rubber and that multi-dimensional assessment is required for field-aged ultra-high-voltage insulation components.

Key words： 1 000 kV GIS composite bushing live operating conditions electric field simulation high-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber uneven aging characteristics

收稿日期: 2025-11-21

PACS:

TM215.1

基金资助:

国家自然科学基金资助项目（52077018,52307191）

通讯作者: 乔新涵男,1992年生,博士(后),副教授。主要从事复杂环境绝缘失效机理、状态评估与性能提升。mail：qiaoxinhan@cumt.edu.cn

作者简介: 孟浩冉男,2002年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为绝缘材料老化特性分析。E-mail：17769685084@163.com

引用本文:

乔新涵, 孟浩冉, 钱聪, 曾闻天, 张志劲. 带电运行环境1 000 kV GIS复合套管沿串不均匀老化特性及机理研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 0, (): 18-. Qiao Xinhan, Meng Haoran, Qian Cong, Ye Wenyu, Zhang Zhijin. Uneven Aging Characteristics and Mechanism of a 1 000 kV GIS Composite Bushing under Live Operating Conditions. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 18-.

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